O papel da imprensa na cobertura de assuntos científicos foi um dos temas discutidos durante a 60ª Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência, realizada em Campinas na semana passada. A mídia foi duramente criticada no simpósio “Ciência e Mídia: ruídos e interfaces – o caso da febre amarela”, coordenada por José da Rocha Cavalheiro (Fiocruz) e apresentado por Fernando Lefevre (USP) e Eduardo Hage Carmo (Ministério da Saúde).
Para os palestrantes, a mídia criou o pânico com uma cobertura sensacionalista do episódio entre dezembro de 2007 e maio de 2008, quando houve 123 casos informados de febre amarela, com 45 confirmações e 25 óbitos. Os pesquisadores que debateram o tema argumentaram que o exagero dos veículos de comunicação na abordagem do assunto provocou pânico na população, trazendo conseqüências graves para a sociedade, como pessoas sendo vacinadas mais de uma vez ou desnecessariamente.
Na prática, culparam a mídia de confundir a sociedade através de fatos irreais ou distorcidos, passando a idéia de uma epidemia, quando ela não existia, e chegaram a falar que o controle público sobre a mídia é muito tênue. A repercussão do tema durante a SBPC mostra que o assunto é polêmico e que pode, sem os devidos cuidados, acabar em retrocessos.
Essa é a opinião de Paulo Moutinho, pesquisador do IPAM, para quem “o primeiro perigo é julgar a mídia como sensacionalista, conservadora, manipuladora, amiga, chapa branca ou inimiga e, assim, dar asas para a necessidade de, em bom português, censura. Na verdade, o que a mídia deve – e devemos lutar para isso – é ser independente. Somente assim poderemos cobrar, de modo enfático, os compromissos que a mídia deve ter com a verdade e com os fatos”.
Para a jornalista Amália Safatle, editora da revista Página 22, porém, em alguns episódios – e o caso da febre amarela foi um deles – falta ao jornalista a capacidade de contextualizar. “Quando aparece um surto como o que ocorreu, o jornalista não sabe se é normal ou se tem ligação com questões ambientais, o que é pouco explorado pela imprensa nesses casos”, diz.
O jornalista, para a editora, deveria falar com mais gente, apurar a informação com especialistas, antes de publicar a matéria. “Mas a pressão para publicar rapidamente faz com que o profissional tenha pouco tempo e tranqüilidade para obter a informação que precisa. O bombardeiro de informação é uma crise do jornalismo atual”, acredita.
O debate sobre mídia e febre amarela, por outro lado, pode revelar também, segundo Paulo Moutinho, um descompasso entre os fornecedores de informação e aqueles que a recebem (no caso, os jornalistas). “Em muitos casos, não há um repasse claro das informações, seja pelo governo ou por aqueles que promovem a informação nem preparo de quem as recebe, muitas vezes mais pelo acúmulo de pautas diversas e falta de oportunidade para uma especialização em um assunto. Tanto na Europa quanto nos Estados Unidos é comum haver jornalistas especializados, que são poucos no Brasil. A combinação de maiores investimentos na especialização profissional de quem produz notícia e maior clareza de quem as fornece certamente eliminaria um bocado de notícia hoje classificada como sensacionalista”.
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