Manaus – “A proposta de incluir mecanismos de compensação pela redução de emissões do desmatamento e da degradação, denominados REDD, foi apresentada por algumas organizações com a intenção de que os países industrializados se dispusessem a compartilhar o custo real de combater o desmatamento tropical”, disse Márcio Santilli, do Instituto Socioambiental (ISA). Para o ambientalista, que está entre os primeiros defensores do REDD, Quioto é uma peneira com um grande rombo, representado pelos 20% das emissões de carbono causadas pelo desmatamento, que não foram contemplados no acordo.
“Quando fizemos a proposta, queríamos inverter a lógica das doações da comunidade internacional para combate ao desmatamento, sempre infinitamente menores do que os incentivos que esses mesmos países davam a projetos que induziam a destruição. A idéia era que os países florestais teriam que reduzir voluntariamente o desmatamento, comprovar e depois receber a compensação, sem doadores dizendo como deveriam fazer”, disse. Segundo Santilli, porém, qualquer que seja o mecanismo de REDD, ele precisa representar melhoria de qualidade de vida para os povos da floresta. “Mas estou convencido de que a simples existência desse mecanismo é capaz de criar condições de mudar a relação da sociedade e dos governos com esses povos, criando oportunidades”, disse.
Apesar de considerarem esses mecanismos uma forma de recompensa pelos serviços ambientais que prestam ao planeta, as lideranças de 11 países latino-americanos que participam do workshop querem chegar, até sexta-feira (4/4), a um consenso sobre como devem se posicionar nas negociações internacionais sobre o assunto. Conforme, Elisa Canqui Mollo, representante do Fórum Permanente das Nações Unidas para Assuntos Indígenas, mecanismos de financiamento de REDD estão sendo discutidos neste momento pelo Banco Mundial e é uma boa ocasião para as comunidades florestais passarem a ser consideradas no processo. “Para que possamos iniciar o diálogo e negociar, precisamos entender o tema e nos capacitar”, disse.
Uma das preocupações de representantes de alguns países da América Latina – e observadores da África e Ásia - é de que a adoção de mecanismos de compensação pela redução de emissões do desmatamento possam diminuir direitos dessas comunidades. Muitos desses povos ainda lutam pelo reconhecimento e garantia de posse e uso de suas terras e temem que, sob o pretexto de evitar degradação, seus modos de vida possam ser restringidos. Encontrar soluções para evitar que isso aconteça e que esses povos realmente venham a se beneficiar com esses mecanismos, seja através de maiores direitos territoriais, políticas públicas ou recursos financeiros diretos, é o desafio para os próximos dois anos, quando o acordo pós-Bali vai ser definido.
Steve Schawartzman, diretor do Environmental Defense, lembrou que Bali aprovou o conceito geral de incluir um mecanismo para prevenir o desmatamento no próximo período de compromisso e que as populações das florestas devem ser ouvidas. “Há tempo para que esses povos se organizem e tenham voz ativa”, disse.
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